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| razischool.com | Etymology | Characteristics of art | Judgments of value | Differences in defining art | Art Related issues | History of art | Earliest known art |
Earliest known art
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The oldest surviving art forms include small sculptures and
paintings on rocks and in caves. There are very few known examples
of art that date earlier than 40,000 years ago, the beginning of the
Upper Paleolithic period. People often rubbed smaller rocks against
larger rocks and boulders to paint pictures of their everyday life,
such as hunting wild game. The so-called Venus of Willendorf is a sculpture from the Paleolithic era, which depicts an obviously pregnant woman. This sculpture, carved from stone, is remarkable in its roundness instead of a flat or low-relief depiction. Early Aegean art, although it dates from a much later period, shares some of the same abstract figurative elements. |
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Prehistoric art objects are rare, and the context of such early art
is difficult to determine. Prehistoric, by definition, refers to
those cultures which have left no written records of their society.
The art historian judges early pieces of art as objects in their own
right, with few opportunities for comparison between contemporaneous
pieces. Interpretation of such early art must be done primarily in
the context of aesthetics tempered by what is known of various
tribal societies still in existenceAncient artThe period of ancient art begun when ancient civilizations developed a form of writing language. The earliest examples of ancient art originated from Mesopotamia and Egypt.The great traditions in art have a foundation in the art of one of the six great ancient civilizations: Ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, Greece, Rome, India, or China. Each of these centers of early civilization developed a unique and characteristic style in their art. Because of their size and duration these civilizations, more of their art works have survived and more of their influence has been transmitted to other cultures and later times. They have also provided us with the first records of how artists worked. The period of Greek art saw a veneration of the human physical form and the development of equivalent skills to show musculature, poise, beauty and anatomically correct proportions. Ancient Roman art depicted gods as idealized humans, shown with characteristic distinguishing features (i.e. Zeus' thunderbolt). Post-ancient Western art Eastern art has generally worked in a style akin to Western medieval art, namely a concentration on surface patterning and local colour (meaning the plain colour of an object, such as basic red for a red robe, rather than the modulations of that colour brought about by light, shade and reflection). A characteristic of this style is that the local colour is often defined by an outline (a contemporary equivalent is the cartoon). This is evident in, for example, the art of India, Tibet and Japan. Religious Islamic art forbids iconography, and expresses religious ideas through geometry instead Contemporary art The physical and rational certainties of the clockwork universe depicted by the 19th-century Enlightenment were shattered not only by new discoveries of relativity by Einstein and of unseen psychology by Freud, but also by unprecedented technological development accelerated by the implosion of civilization in two world wars. The history of twentieth century art is a narrative of endless possibilities and the search for new standards, each being torn down in succession by the next. Thus the parameters of Impressionism, Expressionism, Fauvism, Cubism, Dadaism, Surrealism etc cannot be maintained very much beyond the time of their invention. Increasing global interaction during this time saw an equivalent influence of other cultures into Western art, such as Pablo Picasso being influenced by African sculpture. Japanese woodblock prints (which had themselves been influenced by Western Renaissance draftsmanship) had an immense influence on Impressionism and subsequent development. Then African fetish sculptures were taken up by Picasso and to some extent by Matisse. Modernism, the idealistic search for truth, gave way in the latter half of the 20th century to a realization of its unattainability. Relativity was accepted as an unavoidable truth, which led to the Postmodern period, where cultures of the world and of history are seen as changing forms, which can be appreciated and drawn from only with irony. Furthermore the separation of cultures is increasingly blurred and it is now more appropriate to think in terms of a global culture, rather than regional cultures. |
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| razischool.com | Etymology | Characteristics of art | Judgments of value | Differences in defining art | Art Related issues | History of art | Earliest known art |