History of art
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The term 'art history' typically refers to a historical examination
of the various trends of the visual arts through certain periods of
human history. It may also be taken to encompass a study of the
theories of art, which may or may not include an examination of
their historical context.
The history of art usually refers to the history of the visual arts,
such as painting, sculpture and architecture. The term also
encompasses theory of the visual arts. It is not usually taken or
intended to refer to the performing arts or literary arts. The
history of art attempts an objective survey of art throughout human
history, classifying cultures and periods and noting their
distinguishing features and influences. |
The field of "art history" was developed in the West, and originally
dealt exclusively with Western art history, with the High
Renaissance (and its Greek precedent) as the defining standard.
Gradually, with the onset of Modernism, a wider vision of history
has developed, seeking to place other societies in a global overview
by analyzing their artifacts in terms of their own cultural values.
Thus, the subject is now seen to encompass all visual art, from the
megaliths of Western Europe to the paintings of the Tang Dynasty in
China.
Study of the history of art is a relatively recent phenomenon; prior
to the Renaissance, the modern concept of "art" did not exist, and
art was used to refer to workmanship by generally anonymous
tradesmen.
The viewpoint of the art historian is a significant input into the
defining parameters which are employed. For example, during the
early Victorian era, the Quattro cento artists were considered
inferior to those of the High Renaissance—a notion subsequently
challenged by the Pre-Raphaelite movement. There has since been a
trend, dominant in most modern art history, to see all cultures and
periods from a neutral point of view, with a tendency to shy away
from value judgments. Thus, for example, Australian Aboriginal art
would not be deemed better or worse than Michelangelo by typical
Modernist art historians—just different.
Analysis has also evolved into studying the "political" use of art,
rather than reserving analysis to the aesthetic appreciation of its
craftsmanship or beauty. It is believed there is always an intent
and a philosophy behind art, and an effect achieved by it. Thus, for
example, the considerable employment by the Eastern Orthodox Church
in the Middle Ages can be contrasted or compared with "Soviet
propaganda", the manifestation of social structure through
19th-century portraiture, an anarcho-religious vision exemplified by
Van Gogh, etc. What may once have been viewed simply as a
masterpiece is now deconstructed into an economic, social,
philosophical, and cultural manifestation of the artist's
world-view, philosophy, intentions and background.
There are different ways of structuring a history of art. The
following is one which is commonly used, based primarily on time,
but within that creating subdivisions based on place and culture. |
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