Judgments of value
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Somewhat in relation to the above, the word art is also used to
apply judgments of value, as in such expressions as "that meal was a
work of art" (the cook is an artist), or "the art of deception,"
(the highly attained level of skill of the deceiver is praised). It
is this use of the word as a measure of high quality and high value
that gives the term its flavor of subjectivity.
Making judgments of value requires a basis for criticism: at the
simplest level, a way to determine whether the impact of the object
on the senses meets the criteria to be considered art, whether it is
perceived to be attractive or repellent. Though perception is always
colored by experience, and thus a reaction to art on these grounds
is necessarily subjective, it is commonly taken that that which is
not aesthetically satisfying in some fashion cannot be art. |
However, "good" art is not always, or even regularly, aesthetically
appealing to a majority of viewers. In other words, an artist's
prime motivation need not be the pursuit of the aesthetic, and art
often depicts terrible images made for social, moral, or
thought-provoking reasons; for example, Francisco Goya's painting
depicting the Spanish shootings of 3rd of May 1808 is a graphic
depiction of a firing squad executing several pleading civilians,
yet at the same time, the horrific imagery demonstrates Goya's keen
artistic ability in composition and execution, and his fitting
social and political outrage. Thus the debate continues as to what
mode of aesthetic satisfaction, if any, is required to define 'art'.
The assumption of new values or the rebellion against accepted
notions of what is aesthetically superior need not occur
concurrently with a complete abandonment of the pursuit of that
which is aesthetically appealing. Indeed, the reverse is often true,
that in the revision of what is popularly conceived of as being
aesthetically appealing allows for a re-invigoration of aesthetic
sensibility, and a new appreciation for the standards of art itself.
Countless schools have proposed their own ways to define quality,
yet they all seem to agree in at least one point: once their
aesthetic choices are accepted, the value of the work of art is
determined by its capacity to transcend the limits of its chosen
medium in order to strike some universal chord, or by the rarity of
the skill of the artist, or in its accurate reflection in what is
termed the zeitgeist.Communicating emotionArt appeals to human emotions. It can arouse aesthetic or moral
feelings, and can be understood as a way of communicating these
feelings. artists have to express themselves so that their public is
aroused, but they do not have to do so consciously. Art explores
what is commonly termed as the human condition; that is,
essentially, what it is to be human, and art of a superior kind
often brings about some new insight concerning humanity (not always
positive) or demonstrates a level of skill so fine as to push
forward the boundaries of collective human ability. This is not to
say that technical skill is a necessary prerequisite of art, but
rather that a high degree of skill goes some way in conferring a
judgment of high standard upon an artist or artwork.Creative impulseFrom one perspective, art is a generic term for any product of the
creative impulse, out of which sprang all other human pursuits —
such as science via alchemy, and religion via shamanism. The term
'art' offers no true definition besides those based within the
cultural, historical and geographical context in which it is
applied. Though to the artists themselves, the impulse to create is
undeniable; an artist can no more deny that impulse than he/she
could ignore breathing (one might compare Kandinsky's inner
necessity to this popular view). It is because of the overbearing
need to create, in the face of financial ruin, public obscurity or
political opposition, that artists are typically conceived of as
unstable, even crazy, or misguided.
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